1. Product Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell design.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless steel, gives mechanical toughness with tensile staminas exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– usually 2– 10% of the total diameter– imparts superb electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is crucial for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure solid bond and minimal interdiffusion under functional stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most usual technique, offering precise density control and uniform protection on constant steel filaments drawn via copper sulfate bathrooms.
Correct surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination during subsequent handling or solution.
Over time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can create fragile iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might jeopardize adaptability and long-term integrity– a difficulty minimized by diffusion barriers or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Useful Residence
CCSFs combine the best features of both constituent steels: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity typically ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), relying on layer density and purity, making CCSF dramatically much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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